Technology & Electronics Calculators
Internet, networks, web tools, and generators.
Signal Attenuation & Power Ratio dB Calculator
Calculate signal attenuation or gain in decibels ($dB = 10 \log_{10}\frac{P_{out}}{P_{in}}$) and voltage ratio ($20 \log_{10}$).
Bandwidth & Download Time Calculator
Calculate exact time in minutes and seconds to download or upload a file (GB) based on Internet speed (Mbps).
Base64 Encoding Overhead & Size Calculator
Compute size overhead (+33%) when encoding binary files or text data into Base64 format.
Battery Life & Runtime Calculator (mAh / Ah & Load Watts)
Calculate estimated runtime and battery life in hours based on capacity ($mAh$ or $Ah$) and load power consumption.
Base Converter Calculator (Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal, Octal)
Convert integer numbers between positional bases (Decimal Base 10, Binary Base 2, Hexadecimal Base 16, Octal Base 8).
Capacitor Energy & Stored Charge Calculator
Calculate electric charge ($Q = C \cdot V$) in Coulombs and stored energy ($E = \frac{1}{2} C V^2$) in Joules for a capacitor.
IP Subnet Calculator (IPv4 & CIDR Mask)
Compute usable hosts, total IP addresses, and subnet mask from a CIDR prefix (e.g. /24, /16).
Current Limiting LED Series Resistor Calculator
Calculate resistance value in Ohms (Ω) and power dissipation in Watts (W) for LED current limiting resistor.
Password Strength & Entropy Calculator
Calculate Entropy bits ($E = L \cdot \log_2 N$) and estimated brute-force crack time for passwords.
PCB Trace Width & Current Capacity Calculator (IPC-2221)
Calculate minimum copper trace width for printed circuit boards per IPC-2221 standard to limit temperature rise.
Network Ping Latency, Jitter & MOS Score Calculator
Calculate VoIP MOS call quality score (scale 1.0 to 4.5) and gaming responsiveness from Ping, Jitter, and Packet Loss.
RAID Storage Capacity & Fault Tolerance Calculator (0, 1, 5, 6, 10)
Calculate usable storage capacity (TB), parity/mirror overhead space, and disk fault tolerance for RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, and 10.
RC Filter Cutoff Frequency Calculator (Low-pass / High-pass)
Calculate -3dB cutoff frequency ($f_c = \frac{1}{2\pi R C}$) in Hertz and time constant ($\tau = R C$) for RC filters.
Screen Pixels Per Inch (PPI / DPI) & Resolution Calculator
Calculate pixels per inch ($PPI = \frac{\sqrt{w^2 + h^2}}{diagonal}$) and physical dot pitch for monitors and mobile screens.
URL Length & Percent-Encoding Calculator
Calculate character count increase in URLs when special characters are percent-encoded.